定语从句是高中英语语法中的关键板块,无论是在阅读理解里对长难句的剖析,还是写作中构建丰富且准确的句式,它都占据着举足轻重的地位。
熟练掌握定语从句,不仅有助于同学们在各类英语考试中斩获佳绩,更是提升英语综合运用能力的必经之路 。接下来,让我们深入探究定语从句的奥秘。
一、定语从句的基本构成
在复合句中,用于修饰名词或代词的从句被称为定语从句。比如“She is the girl who won the first prize in the competition”,其中“who won the first prize in the competition”便是定语从句,它修饰的“the girl”就是先行词。连接先行词与定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词在从句中起着至关重要的作用,既承担连接主句和从句的功能,又在从句中充当特定的句子成分。
二、关系词的分类及用法
(一)关系代词
1. that:既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时,that 可以省略。例如:“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” (“that”指物,作宾语,可省略 );“The man that is standing there is my teacher” (“that”指人,作主语 ) 。当先行词是不定代词,如anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等时,只能用that。比如“Is there anything that I can do for you?”;先行词被the only, the very, the just修饰时,也用that,像“He is the very person that I am looking for” ;先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时同样如此,例如“This is the best book that I have ever read” ;先行词既有人又有物时,比如“He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited” ,也要用that;当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复用that,如“Who is the man that is standing there?”;关系代词作表语时,“He is not the man that he used to be”,同样用that。
2. which:用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略 。比如“The building which stands near the park is a hospital” (作主语 );“The movie which we watched last night was exciting” (作宾语,可省略 ) 。但在以下情况只用which不用that:关系代词前有介词时,“This is the room in which I lived last year” ;引导非限制性定语从句时,“The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting” ;先行词本身是that时,“What's that which is under the desk?” 。
3. who:用于指人,在从句中作主语和表语 。例如“The boy who is playing basketball is my brother” (作主语 ) 。
4. whom:用于指人,在从句中作宾语 。口语中有时可用“who”代替“whom”,也可省略 。比如“The person whom you talked to just now is my manager” (可换成“who”,也可省略 ) 。
5. whose:表示“谁的”,既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作定语 。如“The girl whose hair is long is my classmate” (指人 );“I live in a house whose windows face south” (指物 ) ,whose实际上是先行词与从句中某个名词之间的所属关系体现,“whose hair”就相当于“the hair of the girl” ,“whose windows”相当于“the windows of the house” 。
(二)关系副词
1. when:表示时间,用于修饰表示时间的先行词,在从句中作时间状语 。例如“I still remember the day when I first met you” ,先行词“the day”表示时间,“when”在从句中作时间状语 ,此时“when”可以替换为“on which”(具体根据先行词与时间介词的搭配 ,这里是“on the day” ) 。
2. where:表示地点,常用来修饰表示地点的先行词,在从句中作地点状语 。比如“This is the school where I studied ten years ago” ,先行词“the school”表示地点,“where”在从句中作地点状语 ,可以替换为“in which”(因为是“in the school” ) 。
3. why:表示原因,主要用于修饰表示原因的先行词“reason”,在从句中作原因状语 。例如“The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus” ,常可替换为“for which” 。
三、定语从句的分类
(一)限制性定语从句
对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体、明确 。它与先行词关系紧密,不能被省略,否则句子意思就不完整 。主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开 。例如“I have a friend who can play the piano very well” ,去掉“who can play the piano very well”后,句子变为“I have a friend”,朋友的特点缺失,表意模糊 。
(二)非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用 。如果将其省去,主句的意义仍然完整 。主句和从句之间通常用逗号隔开 ,而且非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词“that” 。例如“My father, who is a doctor, likes playing basketball” ,去掉“who is a doctor”,“My father likes playing basketball”这个句子依旧成立 ,“who is a doctor”只是补充说明父亲的职业。
四、关系词的特殊用法及注意事项
(一)只用that的情况
除了上述提到的先行词为不定代词、被特定词修饰、为序数词等情况外,当先行词在定语从句中作表语时,也常用that。例如“He is no longer the shy boy that he was in the past”,这里的that在从句中作表语,体现“他过去的样子” ,且常常可以省略 。此外,若有两个定语从句,其中一个用which引导,另一个则常用that引导,避免重复 ,如“This is the book which I bought yesterday that I think will be very helpful for my study” 。
(二)只用which,不用that的情况
除了关系代词前有介词、引导非限制性定语从句、先行词本身是that这几种情况外,当在非限制性定语从句中,先行词指物时,只能用which ,如“The pen, which I lost last week, was a birthday gift from my friend” ;当先行词在句中作介词宾语且介词前置时,只能用which ,“The house, in which I lived for five years, has been sold” 。
(三)关系代词作宾语时的省略
在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略 。比如“The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very useful” ,“that”或“which”作“borrowed”的宾语,可省略 。但在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语也不能省略 ,如“The book, which I bought yesterday, I haven't finished reading yet”,这里的which作bought的宾语,但不能省略。
(四)“介词+关系代词”结构
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,会出现“介词+关系代词”的结构 。关系代词指人时用“whom”,指物时用“which” 。例如“The man to whom you spoke is my father” (指人 );“The house in which I live is very old” (指物 ) 。介词的选择通常根据先行词与介词的固定搭配或者从句中动词与介词的搭配来确定 ,如“The tool with which he is working is very useful”(这里是“work with the tool” ) 。
五、as引导的定语从句
as引导定语从句需满足两个条件:一是定语从句先行词被the same, as, so, such这四个词之一所修饰;二是连接词在从句中做主语或者宾语 。例如“This is the same pen as I bought yesterday” ,先行词pen被the same修饰,且从句中bought缺少宾语,所以用as引导 。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句末 ,“As we all know, he is a very hard - working student”(句首 );“He, as we all know, is a very hard - working student”(句中 );“He is a very hard - working student, as we all know”(句末 ) ,且as在从句中常翻译为“正如” 。
六、the way后的定语从句
way表示“方式;方法”时,其后面的定语从句用法特殊 。如果关系词在从句中作方式状语,常用in which或that引导,也可以把in which或that省略 。例如“Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other” ,可省略in which或换成that 。若关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语,要用关系代词that/which引导,作宾语时还可省略关系代词 。比如“The way (that/which) he used helped him achieve success in a short - term” ,这里way在从句中作used的宾语,所以可以用that/which,也能省略 。
在学习定语从句的过程中,同学们要通过大量的例句和练习来加深对规则的理解与运用,不断总结经验,才能在实际运用和考试中做到游刃有余,让定语从句成为提升英语水平的得力工具 。
来源:小博士知心驿站
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