名词性从句是高中英语语法体系中的核心模块,也是高考高频考点。
它以从句的形式承担名词的功能,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语,因此细分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四类。
掌握名词性从句的用法,不仅能提升语法准确性,更能助力复杂句式的理解与运用。以下从连接词、从句类型、语法规则、易错点等方面进行系统解析。
一、名词性从句的连接词:三类连接词的功能与辨析
名词性从句的连接词是构建从句的基础,需根据从句的语义和语法需求选择,主要分为三类:
1. 连接代词
这类词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语,本身具有具体意义,包括:who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,所有格)、what(什么;……的事物/人)、which(哪一个/些,有选择范围)。
- 例1:Who will lead the team remains a question.(who在主语从句中作主语,表“谁”)
- 例2:She asked whom we should invite to the party.(whom在宾语从句中作invite的宾语,表“谁”)
- 例3:I can’t remember whose umbrella this is.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,表“谁的”)
- 例4:What he said at the meeting surprised everyone.(what在主语从句中作said的宾语,表“……的话”)
- 例5:He didn’t tell me which book he had borrowed.(which在宾语从句中作定语,表“哪一本”,隐含范围)
▶ 辨析:what与which的区别在于,what无范围限制,表“泛指的事物”;which有明确范围,表“特定范围内的选择”。
2. 连接副词
这类词在从句中作状语,表时间、地点、原因、方式等,包括:when(何时)、where(何地)、why(为何)、how(如何;多么)。
- 例1:No one knows when the project will start.(when在宾语从句中作时间状语)
- 例2:The problem is where we can find enough water.(where在表语从句中作地点状语)
- 例3:She explained why she was absent from the meeting.(why在宾语从句中作原因状语)
- 例4:I wonder how he solved the difficult problem.(how在宾语从句中作方式状语)
▶ 注意:how可与形容词/副词搭配,表“多么……”,如:It’s amazing how fast he runs.(how修饰fast,表程度)
3. 从属连词
这类词仅起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,无实际意义,包括:that(无意义)、if(是否)、whether(是否)。
- 例1:He said that he would visit his grandparents.(that仅连接宾语从句,不表意义)
- 例2:I don’t know if/whether she will accept the invitation.(if/whether表“是否”,连接宾语从句)
▶ 辨析:if与whether的用法差异是高频考点:
- 引导宾语从句时,两者可互换,但if不能与or not直接连用(whether可接or not);
- 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或介词后的宾语从句时,只能用whether;
- 句首引导主语从句时,只能用whether。
▶ 例:Whether he will come or not is still a mystery.(主语从句+or not,用whether)
▶ 例:We’re talking about whether we should change the plan.(介词about后,用whether)
二、四类名词性从句的具体用法
名词性从句的核心是“在句中作名词成分”,不同从句的功能决定了其在句中的位置和搭配。
1. 主语从句:在句中作主语
主语从句是整个句子的主语,可直接位于句首,也可因从句过长用it作形式主语,将真正的主语从句后置(更符合英语表达习惯)。
- 直接作主语:
▶ What we need is more time and effort.(what引导的从句直接作主语,谓语动词用单数)
▶ Whether the plan will work depends on practice.(whether引导的从句作主语,谓语用单数)
- 形式主语it代替主语从句:
常见句式:It + be + 形容词/名词/过去分词 + 主语从句。
▶ It is obvious that he is lying.(形容词obvious后接主语从句)
▶ It is a pity that you missed the lecture.(名词pity后接主语从句)
▶ It is reported that the typhoon will land tomorrow.(过去分词reported后接主语从句)
▶ 注意:主语从句作主语时,无论从句内容是单数还是复数,谓语动词通常用单数。
▶ 例:When they will start has not been decided yet.(谓语用has)
2. 宾语从句:在句中作宾语
宾语从句可作动词、介词或形容词的宾语,是名词性从句中最常见的类型。
- 动词后的宾语从句:
常见动词:say, think, believe, know, hope, wonder, suggest, order等。
▶ She thinks (that) you are right.(that在动词后可省略)
▶ He wondered how he could improve his English.(how引导宾语从句,作wondered的宾语)
- 介词后的宾语从句:
介词后需用连接代词、连接副词或whether引导,that不能直接作介词宾语(except that, in that等固定搭配除外)。
▶ I’m curious about what he is doing now.(介词about后接what引导的从句)
▶ The success depends on whether we can work together.(介词on后接whether引导的从句)
- 形容词后的宾语从句:
常见形容词:afraid, sure, glad, certain, sorry, proud等,从句需用that, if, whether或疑问词引导。
▶ I’m sure that we will win the game.(形容词sure后接that从句)
▶ She is uncertain whether she should accept the offer.(形容词uncertain后接whether从句)
▶ 特殊用法:形式宾语it代替宾语从句。当宾语从句后有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,将从句后置。
▶ 例:I find it important that we should keep calm in danger.(it作形式宾语,that从句是真正宾语,important是宾补)
3. 表语从句:在句中作表语
表语从句位于系动词后,说明主语的内容或性质,常见系动词有be, look, seem, remain, become, turn等。
- 基本用法:
▶ The question is whether we can finish the task on time.(whether引导表语从句,说明主语question的内容)
▶ My hope is that we can travel around the world one day.(that引导表语从句,说明主语hope的内容)
- 固定句式:
- “This/That/It is why...” 表“这/那就是……的原因”(why引导的从句表结果)
▶ He didn’t study hard. That is why he failed the exam.
- “This/That/It is because...” 表“这/那是因为……”(because引导的从句表原因)
▶ He failed the exam. That is because he didn’t study hard.
- “The reason...is that...” 表“……的原因是……”(表语从句需用that引导,不用why)
▶ The reason for his failure is that he was too careless.(不可用why)
4. 同位语从句:解释说明名词的内容
同位语从句位于抽象名词后,对该名词的具体内容进行解释说明,常见的抽象名词有:news, fact, idea, belief, hope, doubt, suggestion, plan, order, truth等。
- 例1:We received the news that our team had won the match.(that从句解释news的内容)
- 例2:There is no doubt that he is honest.(that从句解释doubt的内容)
- 例3:The suggestion that we should hold a meeting is worth considering.(that从句解释suggestion的内容)
▶ 与定语从句的辨析:
同位语从句中的that是从属连词,不充当成分,仅起连接作用,从句是对名词的内容解释;
定语从句中的that是关系代词,需在从句中作主语或宾语,从句是对名词的修饰限定。
▶ 同位语从句:The fact that he won the prize surprised us.(that不充当成分,说明fact的内容)
▶ 定语从句:The fact that he told us surprised us.(that作told的宾语,修饰fact,表“他告诉我们的事实”)
三、名词性从句的核心语法规则
1. 语序:陈述句语序
所有名词性从句都必须用陈述句语序(主语在前,谓语在后),不能用疑问句语序。
▶ 误:I don’t know what is he doing.
▶ 正:I don’t know what he is doing.
▶ 误:Can you tell me where does she live?
▶ 正:Can you tell me where she lives?
2. 时态一致原则
当主句是一般过去时,宾语从句(或间接引语中的从句)需用相应的过去时态(如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时);若从句表述客观真理、科学事实或永恒不变的规律,时态不受主句影响,仍用一般现在时。
- 主句为过去时,从句用相应过去时态:
▶ He said he was watching TV at 8 last night.(过去进行时)
▶ She told me she would go to Beijing the next day.(过去将来时)
- 从句表客观真理,时态不变:
▶ The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.(一般现在时,表客观真理)
3. that的省略规则
- 宾语从句中,that通常可省略(尤其是口语中),但如果是多个并列宾语从句,第一个that可省,其余that不可省。
▶ 例:He said (that) he would come and that he would bring a gift.(第二个that不可省)
- 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中,that不可省略。
▶ 例:That he failed again made his parents sad.(主语从句,that不可省)
▶ 例:The problem is that we have no enough money.(表语从句,that不可省)
四、易错点与高考高频考点
1. what的多义性与功能
what是连接代词中最灵活的词,可表“……的事物”“……的人”“……的样子/数量/时间”等,在从句中必作成分(主语、宾语、表语等),需结合语境判断。
▶ 例1:What he lacks is confidence.(what表“……的东西”,作lacks的宾语)
▶ 例2:He is not what he used to be.(what表“……的人”,作表语)
▶ 例3:I can’t believe what a beautiful girl she is.(what表“多么……”,与a beautiful girl搭配)
2. it作形式主语/宾语的固定句式
- 形式主语的高频句式:
It is + adj.(obvious, important, necessary, strange)+ that从句
It is + n.(a pity, a fact, a wonder)+ that从句
It is + 过去分词(said, reported, believed)+ that从句
- 形式宾语的高频句式:
动词(find, think, make, feel, consider)+ it + 宾补(adj./n.)+ that从句
3. whether与if的用法限制
牢记“三不用if”:主语从句不用if;表语从句不用if;介词后及与or not连用时不用if。
▶ 例:Whether we’ll go camping depends on the weather.(主语从句,不用if)
▶ 例:The question is whether we can get there on time.(表语从句,不用if)
4. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分
关键看从句是否解释名词的内容:是解释内容则为同位语从句(that不充当成分);是修饰限定则为定语从句(that作成分)。
▶ 例:We heard the news that our team won.(同位语从句,解释news的内容)
▶ 例:We heard the news that made us excited.(定语从句,that作主语,修饰news)
五、实战应用:高考真题示例
1. (2023·全国卷)______ we will have a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. What
▶ 解析:句中“______ we will have a picnic”是主语从句,表“是否”,且位于句首,需用whether,故选B。
2. (2022·浙江卷)I wonder ______ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
A. where B. how C. why D. if
▶ 解析:从句表“玛丽这些年是如何保持身材的”,缺方式状语,用how,故选B。
3. (2021·新高考卷)The police officer was sure ______ the thief would be caught soon.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what
▶ 解析:形容词sure后接宾语从句,从句表肯定意义,用that(无意义),故选C。
名词性从句的掌握需结合连接词功能、从句类型特征及语法规则,通过大量例句分析和习题训练,强化对不同从句的辨析能力。
在高考中,名词性从句常与阅读理解、完形填空及书面表达结合考查,熟练运用可显著提升语言表达的准确性和丰富性。
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